Summary: Jean-Guy J. Godin and Heather E. McDonough
of Mount Allison University conducted an experiment to gather empirical
evidence on whether predators prefer guppies of a brighter coloration. Results
support the idea that the guppies’ sexually selected trait of bright coloration
turns out to be a disadvantage in terms of survival.
In many species males use obvious sexual signals,
like bright coloration or large plumage, to attract females. It is well known
that such traits are an advantage in sexual selection because they are female
preferred but do not translate to an advantage when it comes to natural
selection since such traits also attract the attention of predators. However,
the direct fitness cost of a sexually selected trait has not been thoroughly
proven via experimentation.
Godin and McDonough decided to examine the effects
of a sexually selected trait on the rate of mortality in a predator-prey
system. They chose to test male guppies and their natural predators, the blue
acara cichlid fish. Male guppies are genetically polymorphic. They express
patches of different color, hue, number, size, and reflectivity. It is known
that the guppies with brighter coloration tend to be more active and bold than
their dimmer counterparts. Although it seems that bright males have a mating
advantage, evidence exists that fish predators, like the blue acara cichlid,
also select prey with conspicuous color patterns so it may be that these bright
guppies face higher predation intensity. It was found in one study that populations
of male guppies in the waters of Trinidad were less colorful since there was an
increased population of their natural diurnal predators.
In the first experiment, two male guppies of the
same length but difference in brightness were kept restrained in separate
Plexiglas tubes. The tubes were equidistance from the cichlid, which was
acclimated to the environment for 24 hours before being exposed to the prey.
The second experiment was set up in much the same way. However, a larger
aquarium was used and the cichlid was left to assimilate to the environment for
36 hours. The guppies in this case were free-swimming which more accurately
replicates the natural interactions between the predator and prey.
The end results of the experiment indicated that the
brightness of the male guppies affects the frequency in which they get
approached and attacked by predators. For the first experiment the bright
guppies were attacked significantly more than the drabber guppies. In the
second experiment, bright guppies were once again attacked significantly more
than the drab guppies irrespective of distance. The results further support the
theory that sexually selected traits have a cost in terms of survival.
The study pertains to what we have been learning in
class about the apparent paradoxical relationship between sexual selection and
natural selection. It is interesting that nature requires organisms to balance
mate preference and predator evasion in order to survive.
Citation:
Godin,J.J.,McDonough, H.E. 2003. Predator
preference for brightly colored males in the guppy: a viability cost for a
sexually selected trait. Behavioral Ecology 14(2): 194-200
This study is a classic example of natural selection and sexual selection working against each other. In fact, my article about the evolution of echolocation in bats also deals with this antagonistic relationship. The underlying concept seems to remain the same whether we are talking about visual signals (bright coloration in guppies) or acoustic signals (high peak frequency in bats).
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ReplyDeleteThe study mentions that the male guppies must choose between mate preference and predator evasion to find the correct amount of coloration that will provide the maximum benefit. Though it is not commented on in the article, I wonder if the energy cost of maintaining brighter coloration can also be an extremely significant factor in selection. In fact, the energy cost was one factor that was mentioned in my article about gobies and their spatial learning--the study briefly questioned whether the fish's choice to rely more on body orientation to navigate would be a metabolic and survival disadvantage.
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